No. 02-1667

In the

Supreme Court of the United States

------------¨------------

STATE OF TENNESSEE,

Petitioner,

v.

GEORGE LANE, BEVERLY JONES AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Respondents.

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ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

------------¨------------

BRIEF OF THE HONORABLE DICK THORNBURGH,

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ON DISABILITY, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, AND ADA WATCH
AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS

------------¨------------

*Arlene B. Mayerson, Esquire

Silvia Yee, Esquire

Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund

2212 Sixth Street

Berkeley, CA 94710

Telephone: (510) 644-2555

*Counsel Of Record

Claudia Center, Esquire

Lewis Bossing, Esquire

Elizabeth Kristen, Esquire

The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center

600 Harrison Street, Suite 120

San Francisco, CA 94107

Telephone: (415) 864-8848

Table of Contents

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES................................................. ii

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE........................................... 1

INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1

ARGUMENT.......................................................................... 3

I. TITLE II OF THE ADA IS BEGINNING TO ALLOW PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES TO PARTICIPATE IN PUBLIC LIFE.................................. 4

A. Accessibility of Courts and Other Government Buildings 6

B. Voting Accessibility.................................................. 11

C. Community Integration............................................. 13

D. Public Transportation................................................ 17

II. THE SCOPE OF REMEDIAL RELIEF AVAILABLE FURTHER CONFIRMS THE PROPORTIONALITY OF CONGRESS’S REMEDIES 19

III. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ADA ARE THREATENED BY SOME STATES’ ONGOING AND BROAD-BASED CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO ITS VALIDITY. 22

CONCLUSION................................................................... 14

Appendix - BIOGRAPHIES OF AMICI CURIAE.............. 1a

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Page(s)

FEDERAL CASES

Amos v. Maryland Dept. of Public Safety
& Corr. Servs., 178 F.3d 212 (4th Cir. 1999),
vacated for reh’g en banc, subsequently
dismissed pursuant to settlement, 205 F.3d
687 (4th Cir. 2000)....................................................... 23

Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849 (9th Cir. 2001),

..... cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 72 (2002).................................. 7

Barnes v. Gorman, __ U.S. __,

..... 122 S. Ct. 2097 (2002)........................................... 10, 23

Barthelemy v. Louisiana Dept. of Health & Hosp.,

..... No. Civ.A. 00-1083, 2003 WL 1733534

..... (E.D. La. Mar. 31, 2003).............................................. 16

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal

..... Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).................. 10

Board of Trs. v. Garrett,
531 U.S. 356 (2001)........................................... 4, 22, 23

Callahan v. City of Philadelphia,

..... 207 F.3d 668 (3d Cir. 2000)........................................... 5

Chisolm v. McManimon,
275 F.3d 315 (3d Cir. 2001)........................................... 5

City of Boerne v. Flores,
521 U.S. 507 (1997)....................................................... 4

Delano-Pyle v. Victoria County, Tex.,

..... 302 F.3d 567 (5th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 20

Doe v. Roe,
156 F. Supp. 2d 35 (D. Me. 2001)............................... 11

Douglas v. California Dep’t of Youth Auth.,

..... 271 F.3d 812 (9th Cir. 2001),

..... reh’g en banc denied,

..... 285 F.3d 1226 (9th Cir. 2002)...................................... 24

Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)......................... 22, 23

Feary v. Reg’l Transit Auth.,

..... 685 F. Supp. 137 (E.D. La. 1988).................................. 5

Ferguson v. City of Phoenix,

..... 157 F.3d 668 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................. 20, 21

Galloway v. Superior Court,

..... 816 F. Supp. 12 (D.D.C. 1993)...................................... 8

Garrett v. Bd. of Trs. of the Univ. of

..... Alabama, 344 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir. 2003)................... 24

Garcia v. SUNY Health Sci. Ctr.
of Brooklyn, 280 F.3d 98 (2d Cir. 2001).......... 20, 21, 24

Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist.,

..... 524 U.S. 274 (1989)..................................................... 21

Henrietta D. v. Bloomberg,

..... 331 F.3d 261 (2d Cir. 2003)......................................... 23

Hicks v. Armstrong,

..... 116 F. Supp. 2d 287 (D. Conn. 1999).......................... 23

Jim C. v. United States, 235 F.3d 1079 (8th Cir.
2000), cert. denied sub nom. Arkansas Dep't
of Educ. v. Jim C., 533 U.S. 949 (2001)...................... 24

Kelly v. Municipal Courts,

..... 97 F.3d 902 (7th Cir. 1996)............................................ 5

Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents,

..... 528 U.S. 62 (2000)......................................................... 4

Koslow v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corr.,

..... 302 F.3d 161 (3d Cir. 2002)......................................... 24

Layton v. Elder, 143 F.3d 469 (8th Cir. 1998)................... 10

Lovell v. Chandler,
303 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2002),

..... cert. denied, 2003 WL 95557 (Jan. 13, 2003).............. 24

Matthews v. Jefferson,

..... 29 F. Supp. 2d 525 (W.D. Ark. 1998).......................... 10

Morris v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth.,

..... 781 F.2d 218 (D.C. Cir. 1986)....................................... 5

Nihiser v. Ohio Env’tl Prot. Agency,

..... 269 F.3d 626 (6th Cir. 2001)........................................ 24

Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring,

..... 527 U.S. 581 (1999)............................................... 15-17

Pace v. Bogalusa City School Bd.,

..... 325 F.3d 609, reh’g en banc granted,

..... 339 F.3d 348 (5th Cir. 2003) ....................................... 24

Panzardi-Santiago v. Univ. of Puerto Rico,

..... 200 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. P.R. 2002) ................................ 21

Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corrections v. Yeskey,

..... 524 U.S. 206 (1998)..................................................... 23

Pierce v. King,
918 F. Supp. 932 (E.D. N.C. 1996).............................. 23

Popovich v. Cuyahoga County Ct.
of Comm. Pl., 276 F.3d 808 (6th Cir.
2002), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 72 (2002)................... 5, 7

Powers v. MJB Acquisition Corp.,

..... 184 F.3d 1147 (10th Cir. 1999) ................................... 21

Public Citizen v. United States Dep’t of Justice,

..... 491 U.S. 440 (1989) .................................................... 21

Robinson v. Kansas,
295 F.3d 1183 (10th Cir. 2002).................................... 24

Rolland v. Cellucci,
198 F. Supp. 2d 25 (D. Mass. 2002)............................ 16

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).......................... 4-5, 6

Saunders v. Horn,
959 F. Supp. 689 (E.D. Penn. 1996)............................. 23

Shepard v. Irving, No. 02-1712,

..... 2003 WL 21977963 (4th Cir. Aug. 20, 2003) .............. 24

South Dakota v. Dole,
483 U.S. 203 (1987)..................................................... 24

Stanley v. Litscher,
213 F.3d 340 (7th Cir. 2000)........................................ 24

Staples v. Virginia Dep’t of Corrs.,

..... 904 F. Supp. 487 (E.D. Va. 1995),

..... cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 772 (1996).............................. 23

Thompson v. Colorado,

..... 278 F.3d 1020 (10th Cir. 2001).................................... 23

United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995).................... 23

Wood v. President and Trs. of Spring Hill Coll.,

..... 978 F.2d 1214 (11th Cir. 1992) ................................... 21

STATE CASES

People v. Caldwell, 603 N.Y.S.2d 713

..... (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1993)..................................................... 8

FEDERAL STATUTES

29 U.S.C. § 794

..... (Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 504)..................... 21, 23, 24

42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(2)..................................................... 13

42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(3)..................................................... 13

42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(5)..................................................... 14

42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(9)..................................................... 25

42 U.S.C. §§ 12131-12134................................................ 20

42 U.S.C. § 12133............................................................. 22

42 U.S.C. § 12142(a)-(c)................................................... 18

REGULATIONS

28 C.F.R. § 35.105(a).......................................................... 8

28 C.F.R. § 35.130............................................................. 20

28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a)........................................................ 20

28 C.F.R. § 35.150(b)(1).................................................... 20

28 C.F.R. § 35.151(a)........................................................ 20

LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS

Americans with Disabilities Act: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the

..... Committee on Public Works and Transportation

..... on H.R. 2273, 101st Cong. 56 (1989) .......................... 18

135 Cong. Rec. S10753 (1989).......................................... 12

136 Cong. Rec. 17,296-97 (1990) ....................................... 3

136 Cong. Rec. 17,376 (1990) ...................................... 3, 17

S. Rep. No. 101-116 (1989)............................................... 12

STATE STATUTES AND RULES

Cal. R. Ct. 989.3................................................................... 9

Cal. R. Ct. 989.3(a).............................................................. 9

PLEADINGS

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss in McCarthy v.

..... Gilbert, Civil Action No. 02-CV-600

..... (E.D. Tex., Beaumont Division)...................................... 22

Brief of Appellees in Meyers v. State of Texas,

..... Case No. 02-50452 (5th Cir.)....................................... 22

SECONDARY SOURCES

American Association of People with Disabilities,

..... New GAO Report Shows Disabled are Denied

..... Voting Access (2001)................................................... 13

American Bar Association & the National
Judicial College, Court-Related Needs of the
Elderly and Persons with Disabilities,
Recommendations of the February 1991

..... Conference (1991)......................................................... 7