TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES. ii
INTEREST OF
THE AMICUS CURIAE.. 1
INTRODUCTION
AND SUMMARY.. 2
ARGUMENT. 5
I. The ADA Provides Protection With
Respect to Both State Facilities and State Services 5
II. When the ADA Was Enacted, Individual
State Laws Failed To Ensure Persons with Disabilities Access to State
Facilities. 8
A. Remedies With Respect to State
Facilities. 8
1. Private Right of Action for Damages. 9
2. Attorney’s Fees. 12
B. Coverage of State Facilities. 14
III. When the ADA Was Enacted, Individual
State Laws Failed To Protect Persons with Disabilities Against Discrimination
in the Provision of State Services. 17
A. Coverage of State Services. 17
B. Limitations in Coverage of State
Services. 20
1. Definition of Persons with
Disabilities. 21
2. Reasonable Modification. 23
3. Remedies. 25
IV. Invalidating Title II of the ADA Would
Severely Undermine the Protections Currently Afforded to Persons with
Disabilities in a Majority of States. 27
CONCLUSION.. 29
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
cases:
Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287 (1985)....................... 25
Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240 (1975) 13
Barden v. City of Sacramento, 292 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 2639 (2003) 4
Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S. 181 (2002)............................. 7
Bd. of Trs. of the Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001) 2
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bur. of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388
(1971) 10
Black v. Dep’t of Mental Health, 100 Cal. Rptr. 2d 39 (Ct. App. 2000) 10, 18
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432 (1985) 21
City of Colo. Springs v. Conners, 993 P.2d 1167 (Colo. 2000) 11
Davis v. Flexman, 109 F. Supp. 2d 776 (S.D. Ohio 1999) 20
Doe v. Div’n of Youth & Family Servs., 148 F. Supp. 2d 462 (D.N.J.
2001) 12, 15, 18
Doe v. Rowe, 156 F. Supp. 2d 35 (D. Me. 2001)................. 7
Fell v. Spokane Transit Authority., 911 P.2d 1319 (Wash. 1996) 19
Johnson v. Tufton Group, Inc., No. CIV. L-99-144, 2001 WL 210046 (D. Md. Feb
28, 2001) 11
Kimel v. Fla. Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000)............... 3
Kinney v. Yerusalim, 9 F.3d 1067 (3d Cir. 1993).............. 14
Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1105 (2003) 8
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992)........ 10
Nev. Dep’t of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 123 S. Ct. 1972 (2003) 4, 16
New York ex. rel. Spitzer v. County of Schoharie, 82 F. Supp. 2d 19
(N.D.N.Y. 2000) 7
Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 390 U.S. 400 (1968) 12–13
Olmstead v. L.C., ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581 (1999)..... 7
Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622 (1980).......... 9
Pa. Dep’t of Corr. v. Yeskey, 524 U.S. 206 (1998)............. 7
School Bd. v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273 (1987)........................ 21
State v. Haskell, 621 N.W.2d 358 (N.D. 2001)................ 27
Sutherland v. Nationwide Gen. Ins. Co., 657 N.E.2d 281 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) 13, 14
US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 535 U.S. 391 (2002)............ 24
Wong v. Regents of the Univ. of Calif., 192 F.3d 807 (9th Cir. 1999) 7
federal statutes:
Americans with Disabilities Act:
Section
2(a)(3), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(3)........................ 2
Section
2(a)(4), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(4)........................ 2
Section
2(a)(5), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(5)........................ 2
Section
2(a)(9), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(9)........................ 2
Section
3(2), 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)......................... 22,
23
Section
201(2), 42 U.S.C. § 12131(2)........................... 24
Section
202, 42 U.S.C. § 12132........................ 2,
4, 6, 24
Section
203, 42 U.S.C. § 12133.................................. 7,
9
Section
204(a), 42 U.S.C. § 12134(a)........................... 24
Section
204(b), 42 U.S.C. § 12134(b)............................. 6
Section
204(c), 42 U.S.C. § 12134(c)............................. 6
Section
505, 42 U.S.C. § 12205............................ 7,
9, 13
Civil
Rights Act of 1964, Title VI, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq. 7
Civil
Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act of 1976................ 13
Family
and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 3–4
Rehabilitation Act of 1973:
Section
504, 29 U.S.C. § 794.................................... 6,
21
Section
505, 29 U.S.C. § 794a.................................... 6–7
Rev. Stat. § 722(b), 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)........................... 13
state statutes:
Ala.
Code § 21-4-4 (1990)................................................ 10
Ala.
Code § 21-4-7 (1990)................................................ 10
Ala.
Code § 21-7-3 (1990).............................. 10,
19, 22, 23
Ala.
Code § 21-7-5 (1990).......................................... 10,
18
Ariz.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 34-438 (1990)................................ 10
Ariz.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 41-1441 (1990).............................. 18
Ariz.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 41-1492 (2003).............................. 28
Ariz.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 41-1492.09[B] (2003).................... 27
Ark.
Code Ann. § 20-14-302 (1990)........................... 10,
18
Ark.
Code Ann. § 20-14-303 (1990)..................... 19,
22, 23
Ark.
Code Ann. § 20-14-610 (1990)................................. 10
Cal.
Civ. Code § 51 (1990).............................. 10–11,
18, 22
Cal.
Gov’t Code § 4458 (1990)......................................... 10
Cal.
Gov’t Code § 12926 (1990)....................................... 23
Cal.
Gov’t Code § 12926 (2003)....................................... 28
Cal.
Gov’t Code § 12944 (1990)....................................... 22
Colo.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-306 (1990)............. 11,
14, 26
Colo.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-605 (1990)................... 14,
26
Conn.
Gen. Stat. Ann. § 46a-64 (1990).............................. 23
Conn.
Gen. Stat. Ann. § 46a-99 (1990).................. 11,
14, 26
Del.
Code Ann. tit. 6, § 4501 (1990)................ 18,
19, 22, 23
Del.
Code Ann. tit. 6, § 4502 (2003).................................. 28
Fla.
Stat. Ann. § 393.13 (1990).................................... 20,
22
Fla.
Stat. Ann. § 413.08 (1990).......................................... 23
Fla.
Stat. Ann. § 413.08(1) (1990)............................... 20,
22
Fla.
Stat. Ann. § 768.28 (1990).......................................... 12
Ga.
Code Ann. § 30-3-1 (1990)............................. 19,
22, 23
Ga.
Code Ann. § 30-3-5 (1990)......................................... 11
Ga.
Code Ann. § 30-3-6 (1990)......................................... 18
Ga.
Code Ann. § 30-4-3 (1990)......................................... 11
Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 368-1.5(a) (1990).......................... 25
Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 489-7.5 (1990)........................ 11,
26
Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 489-7.5 (2003).............................. 28
Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 489-7.5(a)(1) (2003)..................... 27
Idaho
Code § 39-3201 (1990)............................... 11,
20, 22
Idaho
Code § 39-3210 (1990)........................................... 18
Idaho
Code § 39-4126 (1990)........................................... 23
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-9-1-2 (1990)..................................... 11
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-9-1-2(a) (1990)................................ 20
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-9-1-3(r) (1990)................................. 23
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-9-8-1 (2003)............................... 11,
27
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-9-8-3 (2003)..................................... 27
Ind.
Code Ann. § 22-15-2-7 (1990)................................... 11
Iowa
Code Ann. § 601A.2 (1990)...................................... 23
Kan.
Stat. Ann. § 44-1002 (1990)...................................... 23
Kan.
Stat. Ann. § 44-1002 (2003)...................................... 28
Kan.
Stat. Ann. § 44-1005 (1990)................................ 14,
26
Kan.
Stat. Ann. § 44-1005(k) (1990)........................... 12,
26
Kan.
Stat. Ann. § 44-1009(c)(3) (1990)............................. 22
Ky.
Rev. Stat. Ann. § 344.010 (2003)................................ 28
Supreme Court of the United States
Respondents.
of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
BRIEF
FOR THE TRAINING AND ADVOCACY SUPPORT CENTER OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PROTECTION
AND ADVOCACY SYSTEMS AS AMICUS CURIAE
IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS